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<title>Callose</title>

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<caption>Callose

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names

<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">(1→3)-β-<small>D</small>-Glucan</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div>

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9064-51-1">9064-51-1</a></span></li></ul></div>

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<td><a href="ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=37671">CHEBI:37671</a></span></li></ul></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div>

<div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;">Infobox references</div>

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<p><b>Callose</b> is a plant <a href="Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a>. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Callose is composed of <a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed a <a href="Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">β-glucan</a>. It is thought to be manufactured at the <a href="Plant_cell_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cell wall">cell wall</a> by callose synthases and is degraded by β-1,3-<a href="Glucanase" title="Glucanase">glucanases</a>. Callose is very important for the permeability of <a href="Plasmodesmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmodesmata">plasmodesmata</a> (Pd) in plants; the plant's permeability is regulated by plasmodesmata callose (PDC). PDC is made by callose synthases and broken down by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). The amount of callose that is built up at the plasmodesmatal neck, which is brought about by the interference of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases, determines the conductivity of the plasmodesmata.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_function">Formation and function</h2></div>

<p>Callose is laid down at <a href="Plasmodesmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmodesmata">plasmodesmata</a>, at the <a href="Cell_plate" title="Cell plate">cell plate</a> during <a href="Cytokinesis" title="Cytokinesis">cytokinesis</a>, and during <a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> development. Endothecium contains a substance callose, which makes it thicker. Callose is produced in response to wounding, infection by pathogens,<sup id="cite_ref-VCRB2012b2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VCRB2012b2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="Abscisic_acid" title="Abscisic acid">abscisic acid</a>. When there is wounding in the plant tissue, it is fixed by the deposition of callose at the plasmodesmata and cell wall; this process happens within minutes after damage. Even though callose is not a constitutional component of the plant's cell wall, it is related to the plant's defense mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deposits often appear on the <a href="Sieve_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieve plates">sieve plates</a> at the end of the growing season.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Callose also forms immediately around the developing <a href="Meiocyte" title="Meiocyte">meiocytes</a> and tetrads of sexually reproducing <a href="Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> but is not found in related <a href="Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomictic</a> taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Callose deposition at the cell wall has been suggested as an early marker for direct <a href="Somatic_embryogenesis" title="Somatic embryogenesis">somatic embryogenesis</a> from cortical and epidermal cells of <i>Cichorium</i> hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporary callose walls are also thought to be a barrier between a cell and its environment, while the cell is undergoing a genetic programming that allows it to <a href="Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because callose walls can be found around <a href="Nucellar_embryony" title="Nucellar embryony">nucellar embryos</a> during <a href="Nucellar_embryony" title="Nucellar embryony">Nucellar embryony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Curdlan" title="Curdlan">Curdlan</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHineMartin2016" class="citation book cs1">Hine R, Martin E, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198714378.001.0001/acref-9780198714378-e-6562">"Callose"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Biology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-871437-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDe_StormeGeelen2014" class="citation journal cs1">De Storme N, Geelen D (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4001042">"Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>5</b>: 138. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2014.00138">10.3389/fpls.2014.00138</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4001042">4001042</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24795733">24795733</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-VCRB2012b2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VCRB2012b2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNowickiLichockaNowakowskaKłosińska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nowicki M, Lichocka M, Nowakowska M, Kłosińska U, Kozik EU (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10032-012-0016-z">"A Simple Dual Stain for Detailed Investigations of Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interactions"</a>. <i>Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin</i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>74. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10032-012-0016-z">10.2478/v10032-012-0016-z</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChenKim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chen XY, Kim JY (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688293">"Callose synthesis in higher plants"</a>. <i>Plant Signaling & Behavior</i>. <b>4</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">489–</span>92. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fpsb.4.6.8359">10.4161/psb.4.6.8359</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688293">2688293</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19816126">19816126</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHemsleyBell2000" class="citation book cs1">Hemsley AR, Bell PR (2000). <i>Green plants : their origin and diversity</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-64109-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarmanCraneRiera-Lizarazu1991" class="citation journal cs1">Carman JG, Crane CF, Riera-Lizarazu O (1991). "Comparative Histology of Cell Walls during Meiotic and Apomeiotic Megasporogenesis in Two Hexaploid Australasian Elymus Species". <i>Crop Science</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 1527. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci1991.0011183X003100060029x">10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100060029x</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDuboisGuediraDuboisVasseur1990" class="citation journal cs1">Dubois T, Guedira M, Dubois J, Vasseur J (May 1990). "Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Roots of Cichorium: Is Callose an Early Marker?". <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>65</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">539–</span>545. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aob.a087967">10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087967</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerPaechWillemseKoltunow2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker MR, Paech NA, Willemse MT, Koltunow AM (2001). "Dynamics of callose deposition and β-1,3-glucanase expression during reproductive events in sexual and apomictic <i>Hieracium</i>". <i>Planta</i>. <b>212</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>498. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004250000445">10.1007/s004250000445</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11525505">11525505</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12073031">12073031</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaShivannaMohan_Ram1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta P, Shivanna KR, Mohan Ram HY (1996). "Apomixis and polyembryony in the guggul plant, <i>Commiphora wightii</i>". <i>Ann Bot</i>. <b>78</b>: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>72. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.1996.0097">10.1006/anbo.1996.0097</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

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